DO3

 Basic commands in linux

Command	Function
ls	Lists a directory’s content
pwd	Shows the current working directory’s path
cd	Changes the working directory
mkdir	Creates a new directory
rm	Deletes a file
cp	Copies files and directories, including their content
mv	Moves or renames files and directories
touch	Creates a new empty file
file	Checks a file’s type
zip and unzip	Creates and extracts a ZIP archive
tar	Archives files without compression in a TAR format
nano, vi, and jed	Edits a file with a text editor
cat	Lists, combines, and writes a file’s content as a standard output
grep	Searches a string within a file
sed	Finds, replaces, or deletes patterns in a file
head	Displays a file’s first ten lines
tail	Prints a file’s last ten lines
awk	Finds and manipulates patterns in a file
sort	Reorders a file’s content
cut	Sections and prints lines from a file
diff	Compares two files’ content and their differences
tee	Prints command outputs in Terminal and a file
locate	Finds files in a system’s database
find	Outputs a file or folder’s location
sudo	Runs a command as a superuser
su	Runs programs in the current shell as another user
chmod	Modifies a file’s read, write, and execute permissions
chown	Changes a file, directory, or symbolic link’s ownership
useradd and userdel	Creates and removes a user account
df	Displays the system’s overall disk space usage
du	Checks a file or directory’s storage consumption
top	Displays running processes and the system’s resource usage
htop	Works like top but with an interactive user interface
ps	Creates a snapshot of all running processes
uname	Prints information about your machine’s kernel, name, and hardware
hostname	Shows your system’s hostname
time	Calculates commands’ execution time
systemctl	Manages system services
watch	Runs another command continuously
jobs	Displays a shell’s running processes with their statuses
kill	Terminates a running process
shutdown	Turns off or restarts the system
ping	Checks the system’s network connectivity
wget	Downloads files from a URL
curl	Transmits data between servers using URLs
scp	Securely copies files or directories to another system
rsync	Synchronizes content between directories or machines
lfconfig	Displays the system’s network interfaces and their configurations
netstat	Shows the system’s network information, like routing and sockets
traceroute	Tracks a packet’s hops to its destination
nslookup	Queries a domain’s IP address and vice versa
dig	Displays DNS information, including record types
history	Lists previously run commands
man	Shows a command’s manual
echo	Prints a message as a standard output
ln	Links files or directories
alias and unalias	Sets and removes an alias for a file or command
cal	Displays a calendar in Terminal
apt-get	Manages Debian-based distros package libraries

Linux Commands for File and Directory Management

This section will explore basic Linux commands for file and directory management.

1. ls command

The ls command lists files and directories in your system. Here’s the syntax:

ls [/directory/folder/path]

If you remove the path, the ls command will show the current working directory’s content. You can modify the command using these options:

• -R – lists all the files in the subdirectories.
• -a – shows all files, including hidden ones.
• -lh – converts sizes to readable formats, such as MB, GB, and TB.

2. pwd command

The pwd command prints your current working directory’s path, like /home/directory/path. Here’s the command syntax:

pwd [option]

It supports two options. The -L or –-logical option prints environment variable content, including symbolic links. Meanwhile, -P or –physical outputs the current directory’s actual path.

3. cd command

Use the cd command to navigate the Linux files and directories. To use it, run this syntax with sudo privileges:

cd /directory/folder/path

Depending on your current location, it requires either the full path or the directory name. For example, omit /username from /username/directory/folder if you are already within it.

Omitting the arguments will take you to the home folder. Here are some navigation shortcuts:

• cd ~[username] – goes to another user’s home directory.
• cd .. – moves one directory up.
• cd- – switches to the previous directory.

4. mkdir command

Use the mkdir command to create one or multiple directories and set their permissions. Ensure you are authorized to make a new folder in the parent directory. Here’s the basic syntax:

mkdir [option] [directory_name]

To create a folder within a directory, use the path as the command parameter. For example, mkdir music/songs will create a songs folder inside music. Here are several common mkdir command options:

• -p – creates a directory between two existing folders. For example, mkdir -p Music/2023/Songs creates a new 2023 directory.
• -m – sets the folder permissions. For instance, enter mkdir -m777 directory to create a directory with read, write, and execute permissions for all users.
• -v – prints a message for each created directory.

5. rmdir command

Use the rmdir command to delete an empty directory in Linux. The user must have sudo privileges in the parent directory. Here’s the syntax:

rmdir [option] directory_name

If the folder contains a subdirectory, the command will return an error. To force delete a non-empty directory, use the -p option.

6. rm command

Use the rm command to permanently delete files within a directory. Here’s the general syntax:

rm [filename1] [filename2] [filename3]

Adjust the number of files in the command according to your needs. If you encounter an error, ensure you have the write permission in the directory.

To modify the command, add the following options:

• -i – prompts a confirmation before deletion.
• -f – allows file removal without a confirmation.
• -r – deletes files and directories recursively.

Warning! Use the rm command with caution since deletion is irreversible. Avoid using the -r and -f options since they may wipe all your files. Always add the -i option to avoid accidental deletion.

7. cp command

Use the cp command to copy files or directories, including their content, from your current location to another. It has various use cases, such as:

• Copying one file from the current directory to another folder. Specify the file name and target path:

cp filename.txt /home/username/Documents

• Duplicating multiple files to a directory. Enter the file names and the destination path:

cp filename1.txt filename2.txt filename3.txt /home/username/Documents

• Copying a file’s content to another within the same directory. Enter the source and the destination file:

cp filename1.txt filename2.txt

• Duplicating an entire directory. Pass the -R flag followed by the source and destination directory:

cp -R /home/username/Documents /home/username/Documents_backup

8. mv command

Use the mv command to move or rename files and directories. To move items, enter the file name followed by the destination directory:

mv filename.txt /home/username/Documents

Meanwhile, use the following syntax to rename a file in Linux with the mv command:

mv old_filename.txt new_filename.txt

9. touch command

The touch command lets you create an empty file in a specific directory path. Here’s the syntax:

touch [option] /home/directory/path/file.txt

If you omit the path, the command will create the item in the current folder. You can also use touch to generate and modify a timestamp in the Linux command line.

10. file command

The file command lets you check a file type – whether it is a text, image, or binary. Here’s the syntax:

file filename.txt

To bulk-check multiple files, list them individually or use their path if they are in the same directory. Add the -k option to display more detailed information and -i to show the file’s MIME type.

11. zip, unzip commands

The zip command lets you compress items into a ZIP file with the optimal compression ratio. Here’s the syntax:

zip [options] zipfile file1 file2….

For example, this command compresses note.txt into archive.zip in the current working directory:

zip archive.zip note.txt

Use the unzip command to extract the compressed file. Here’s the syntax:

unzip [option] file_name.zip

12. tar command

The tar command archives multiple items into a TAR file – a format similar to ZIP with optional compression. Here’s the syntax:

tar [options] [archive_file] [target file or directory]

For instance, enter the following to create a new newarchive.tar archive in the /home/user/Documents directory:

tar -cvzf newarchive.tar /home/user/Documents

Linux Commands for Text Processing and Searching

The following section explores several Linux commands for processing and searching text.

13. nano, vi, jed commands

Linux lets users edit files using a text editor like nano, vi, or jed. While most distributions include nano and vi, users must install jed manually. All these tools have the same command syntax:

nano filename

vi filename

jed filename

If the target file doesn’t exist, these editors will create one. We recommend nano if you want to quickly edit text files. Meanwhile, use vi or jed for scripting and programming.

14. cat command

Concatenate or cat is one of the most used Linux commands. It lists, combines, and writes file content to the standard output. Here’s the syntax:

cat filename.txt

There are various ways to use the cat command:

• cat > filen.txt – creates a new file.
• cat file1.txt file2.txt > file3.txt – merges file1.txt with file2.txt and stores the output in filename3.txt.
• tac file.txt – displays content in reverse order.

15. grep command

The global regular expression or grep command lets you find a word by searching the content of a file. This Linux command prints all lines containing the matching strings, which is useful for filtering large log files.

For example, to display lines containing blue in the notepad.txt file, enter:

grep blue notepad.txt

16. sed command

The sed command lets you find, replace, and delete patterns in a file without using a text editor. Here’s the general syntax:

sed [option] 'script' input_file

The script contains the searched regular expression pattern, the replacement string, and subcommands. Use the s subcommand to replace matching patterns or d to delete them.

At the end, specify the file containing the pattern to modify. Here’s an example of a command that replaces red in colors.txt and hue.txt with blue:

sed 's/red/blue' colors.txt hue.txt

17. head command

The head command prints the first ten lines of a text file or piped data in your command-line interface. Here’s the general syntax:

head [option] [file]

For instance, to view the first ten lines of note.txt in the current directory, enter:

head note.txt

The head command accepts several options, such as:

• -n – changes the number of lines printed. For example, head -n 5 shows the first five lines.
• -c – prints the file’s first customized number of bytes.
• -q – disables headers specifying the file name.

18. tail command

The tail command displays the last ten lines of a file, which is useful for checking new data and errors. Here’s the syntax:

tail [option] [file]

For example, enter the following to show the last ten lines of the colors.txt file:

tail -n colors.txt

19. awk command

The awk command scans regular expression patterns in a file to retrieve or manipulate matching data. Here’s the basic syntax:

awk '/regex pattern/{action}' input_file.txt

The action can be mathematical operations, conditional statements like if, output expressions such as print, and a delete command. It also contains the $n notation, which refers to a field in the current line.

To add multiple actions, list them based on the execution order, separated using semicolons. For example, this command contains mathematical, conditional, and output statements:

awk -F':' '{ total += $2; students[$1] = $2 } END { average = total / length(students); print "Average:", average; print "Above average:"; for (student in students) if (students[student] > average) print student }' score.txt

20. sort command

The sort command rearranges lines in a file in a specific order. It doesn’t modify the actual file and only prints the result as Terminal outputs. Here’s the syntax:

sort [option] [file]

By default, this command will sort the lines in alphabetical order, from A to Z. To modify the sorting, use these options:

• -o – redirects the command outputs to another file.
• -r – reverses the sorting order to descending.
• -n – sorts the file numerically.
• -k – reorders data in a specific field.

21. cut command

The cut command retrieves sections from a file and prints the result as Terminal outputs. Here’s the syntax:

cut [option] [file]

Instead of a file, you can use data from standard input. To determine how the command sections the line, use the following options:

• -f – selects a specific field.
• -b – cuts the line by a specified byte size.
• -c – sections the line using a specified character.
• -d – separates lines based on delimiters.

You can combine these options, use a range, and specify multiple values. For example, this command extracts the third to fifth field from a comma-separated list:

cut -d',' -f3-5 list.txt

22. diff command

The diff command compares two files’ content and outputs the differences. It is used to alter a program without modifying the code. Here’s the general format:

diff [option] file1 file2

Below are some acceptable options:

• -c – displays the difference between two files in a context form.
• -u – shows the output without redundant information.
• -i – makes the diff command case insensitive.

23. tee command

The tee command writes the user’s input to Terminal’s output and files. Here’s the basic syntax:

command | tee [option] file1

For example, the following pings Google and prints the output in Terminal, ping_result.txt, and the 19092023.txt file:

ping google.com | tee ping_result.txt 19092023.txt

24. locate command

The locate command lets you find a file in the database system. Add the -i option to turn off case sensitivity and an asterisk (*) to find content with multiple keywords. For example:

locate -i school*note

The command searches for files containing school and note, regardless of their letter case.

25. find command

Use the find command to search for files within a specific directory. Here’s the syntax:

find [option] [path] [expression]

For example, to find a file called file1.txt within the directory folder and its subdirectories, use this command:

find /home -name file1.txt

If you omit the path, the command will search the current working directory. You can also find directories using the following:

find ./ -type d -name directoryname

Linux Commands for User and Permission Management

Below are several Linux commands for managing the system’s users and permissions.

26. sudo command

Superuser do or sudo is one of the most basic commands in Linux. It runs your command with administrative or root permissions. Here’s the general syntax:

sudo (command)

When you run a sudo command, Terminal will request the root password. For example, this snippet runs useradd with the superuser privilege:

sudo useradd username

You can also add an option, such as:

• -k – invalidates the timestamp file.
• -g – executes commands as a specified group name or ID.
• -h – runs commands on the host.

Warning! Running a command with sudo privileges can modify all aspects of your system. Since misusing it may break your system, run the command with caution and only if you understand its possible repercussions.

27. su command

The su command lets you run a program in the Linux shell as a different user. It is useful to connect via SSH while the root user is disabled. Here’s the syntax:

su [options] [username [argument]]

Without any option or argument, this command runs through root and prompts you to use the sudo privileges temporarily. Some options are:

• -p – keeps the same shell environment, consisting of HOME, SHELL, USER, and LOGNAME.
• -s – lets you specify another shell environment to run.
• -l – runs a login script to switch users. It requires you to enter the user’s password.

To check the current shell’s user account, run the whoami command:

28. chmod command

The chmod command modifies directory or file permissions in Linux. Here’s the basic syntax:

chmod [option] [permission] [file_name]

In Linux, each file is associated with three user classes – owner, group member, and others. It also has three permissions – read, write, and execute. If an owner wants to grant all permissions to every user, the command looks like this:

chmod -rwxrwxrwx note.txt

29. chown command

The chown command lets you change a file, directory, or symbolic link’s ownership to the specified username. Here’s the syntax:

chown [option] owner[:group] file(s)

For example, to make linuxuser2 the owner of filename.txt, use:

chown linuxuser2 filename.txt

30. useradd, userdel commands

Use useradd to create a new Linux user account and change its password with the passwd command. Here are the syntaxes:

useradd [option] username

passwd username

Both the useradd and passwd commands require sudo privileges. To delete a user, use the userdel command:

userdel username

Linux Commands for System Information and Management

This section will list common Linux commands for querying system information and management.

31. df command

Use the df command to check a Linux system’s disk space usage in percentage and kilobyte (KB). Here’s the syntax:

df [options] [file]

If you don’t specify the item, this command will display information about every mounted file system. These are some acceptable options:

• -m – displays information on the file system usage in MBs.
• -k – prints file system usage in KBs.
• -T – shows the file system type in a new column.

32. du command

Use du to check a file or directory’s storage consumption. Remember to specify the directory path when using this command, for example:

du /home/user/Documents

The du command has several options, such as:

• -s – shows the specified folder’s total size.
• -m – provides folder and file information in MB.
• -k – displays information in KB.
• -h – informs the displayed folders and files’ last modification date.

33. top command

The top command displays running processes and the system’s real-time condition, including resource utilization. It helps identify resource-intensive processes, enabling you to disable them easily.

To run the command, enter top into your command-line interface.

34. htop command

The htop command is an interactive program for monitoring system resources and server processes. Unlike top, it offers additional features like mouse operation and visual indicators. Here’s the command syntax:

htop [options]

It supports options such as:

• -d – shows the delay between updates in tenths of seconds.
• -C – enables monochrome mode.
• -h – displays the help message and exits.

35. ps command

The ps command creates a snapshot of all running processes in your system. Executing it without an option or argument will list the running processes in the shell with the following information:

• Unique process ID (PID).
• Type of the terminal (TTY).
• Running time (TIME).
• Command that launches the process (CMD).

The ps command accepts several options, including:

• -T – displays all processes associated with the current shell session.
• -u username – lists processes associated with a specific user.
• -A – shows all the running processes.

Suggested Reading

Learn more about using top, htop, and ps commands to check running processes in a Linux system.

36. uname command

The uname or unix name command prints information about your machine, including its hardware, system name, and Linux kernel. Here’s the basic syntax:

uname [option]

While you can use it without an option, add the following to modify the command:

• -a – prints all the system information.
• -s – outputs the kernel name.
• -n – shows the system’s node hostname.

37. hostname command

Run the hostname command to display the system’s hostname. Here’s the syntax:

hostname [option]

You can run it without an option or use the following:

• -a – displays the hostname’s alias.
• -A – shows the machine’s Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN).
• -i – outputs the machine’s IP address.

38. time command

Use time to measure commands’ execution time. Here’s the syntax:

time [commandname]

To measure a series of commands, separate them using semicolons or double ampersands (&&). For example, we will measure cd, touch, and chmod commands’ overall execution time:

time cd /home/directory/path; touch bashscript.sh; chmod +x bashscript.sh

39. systemctl command

The systemctl command lets you manage installed services in your Linux system. Here’s the basic syntax:

systemctl [commandname] [service_name]

To use the command, the user must have root privilege. It has several use cases, including starting, restarting, and terminating a service. You can also check a service’s status and dependencies.

The systemctl command is only available in Linux distributions with the Systemd init system. Check our article on listing and managing Linux services to learn more about other systems’ commands.

40. watch command

The watch command lets the user continuously run another utility at a specific interval and print the results as a standard output. Here’s the syntax:

watch [option] command

It is useful for monitoring command output changes. To modify its behavior, use the following options:

• -d – displays the differences between command executions.
• -n – changes the default two-second interval.
• -t – disables the header containing the time interval, command, timestamp, and hostname.

41. jobs command

The jobs command displays a shell’s running processes with their statuses. It is only available in csh, bash, tcsh, and ksh shells. Here’s the basic syntax:

jobs [options] jobID

To check the status of jobs in the current shell, enter jobs without any arguments in Terminal. The command will return an empty output if your system doesn’t have running jobs. You can also add the following options:

• -l – lists process IDs and their information.
• -n – shows jobs whose statuses have changed since the last notification.
• -p – displays process IDs only.

42. kill command

Use the kill command to terminate an unresponsive program using its identification number (PID). To check the PID, run the following command:

ps ux

To stop the program, enter the syntax below:

kill [signal_option] pid

There are 64 signals for terminating a program, but SIGTERM and SIGKILL are the most common. SIGTERM is the default signal that lets the program save its progress before stopping. Meanwhile, SIGKILL forces programs to stop and discard unsaved progress.

43. shutdown command

The Linux shutdown command lets you turn off or restart your system at a specific time. Here’s the syntax:

shutdown [option] [time] "message"

You can use an absolute time in a 24-hour format or a relative one like +5 to schedule it in five minutes. The message is a notification sent to logged-in users about the system shutdown.

Instead of shutting down, restart the system using the -r option. To cancel a scheduled reboot, run the command with the -c option.

Linux Commands for Network Management and Troubleshooting

Here are commonly used Linux commands for managing and troubleshooting network connections.

44. ping command

The ping command is one of the most used commands in Linux. It lets you check whether a network or server is reachable, which is useful for troubleshooting connectivity issues. Here’s the syntax:

ping [option] [hostname_or_IP_address]

For example, run the following to check the connection and response time to Google:

ping google.com

45. wget command

Use the wget command to download files from the internet using HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP protocols. Here’s the syntax:

wget [option] [url]

For example, enter the following to download the latest version of WordPress:

wget https://wordpress.org/latest.zip

46. curl command

The curl command transfers data between servers. Its common usage is for retrieving a web page’s content to your system using its URL. Here’s the syntax:

curl [option] URL

However, you can add various options to modify the curl command behavior for other tasks. Some of the most popular ones include:

• -o or -O – downloads files from a URL.
• -X – changes the default HTTP GET method.
• -H – sends a custom header to the URL.
• -F – uploads a file to the specified destination.

47. scp command

The scp command securely copies files or directories between systems over a network. Here’s the syntax:

scp [option] [source username@IP]:/[directory and file name] [destination username@IP]:/[destination directory]

For a local machine, omit the hostname and IP address. Use the following options to modify the copying behavior:

• -P – changes the port for copying. The default is 22.
• -l – limits the scp command’s bandwidth.
• -C – compresses transferred data to make it smaller.

48. rsync command

The rsync command lets you sync files or folders between two destinations to ensure they have the same content. Here’s the syntax:

rsync [options] source destination

If your destination or source is a folder, enter the directory path like /home/directory/path. To sync a remote server, use its hostname and IP address, like host@185.185.185.185.

This command has various options:

• -a – enables archive mode to preserve file permissions, dates, and other attributes.
• -v – shows visual information about the transferred file.
• -z – compresses the transferred file data to reduce their size.

49. ifconfig command

The ifconfig command lets you list and configure your system’s network interface. In newer Linux distros, it is equivalent to the ip command. Here’s the basic syntax:

ifconfig [interface] [option]

Running it without arguments displays information about all network interfaces in your system. To check a specific interface, add its name as an argument without an option. For a more specific task, use the following options:

• –s – summarizes the network interfaces and their configuration. This option goes before the interface name.
• up and down – enables and disables a network interface.
• inet and inet6 – assigns an IPv4 and IPv6 address to a network interface.
• netmask – specifies the subnet mask to use with an IPv4 address.

50. netstat command

The netstat command is used to display your system’s network information, like sockets and routing. Here’s the command syntax:

netstat [option]

Use various options to modify the displayed information. Some common ones are:

• -a – displays listening and closed sockets.
• -t – shows TCP connections.
• -u – lists UDP connections.
• -r – displays routing tables.
• -i – shows information about network interfaces.
• -p – lists programs’ names and process IDs.
• -c – continuously outputs network information for real-time monitoring.

51. traceroute command

The traceroute command tracks a packet’s path when it moves to another host over a network. It gives you information about the involved routers and travel time. Here’s the syntax:

traceroute [option] destination

You can use a domain, hostname, or IP address as the destination. Add the following options for more detailed packet monitoring:

• -m – sets each packet’s maximum hops.
• -n – prevents the command from resolving IP addresses to hostnames for quicker tracing.
• -I – changes the default UDP packets to UCMP.
• -w – adds a timeout in seconds.

52. nslookup command

The nslookup command queries a DNS server to find out the domain associated with an IP address and vice versa. Here’s the syntax:

nslookup [options] domain-or-ip [server]

If you don’t specify the DNS server to use, nslookup will use the default resolver from your system or internet service provider. This command supports various options, with some commonly used ones being:

• -type= – queries specific information, like the IP address type or MX record.
• -port= – sets the DNS server’s port number for the query.
• -retry= – repeats the query a specific number of times upon failure.
• -debug – enables the debug mode to provide more information about the query.

53. dig command

The dig or domain information groper command gathers DNS data from a domain. Unlike nslookup, it is more detailed and versatile. Here’s the syntax:

dig [option] target [query_type]

Replace target with a domain name. By default, this command only shows A record type. Change query_type to check a specific type or use ANY to query all of them. To run a reverse DNS lookup, add the -x option and use the IP address as the target.

Miscellaneous Linux Commands

In this section, we will list Linux commands with various functions.

54. history command

Enter history to list previously executed commands. It lets you reuse the commands without rewriting them. To use it, enter this syntax with sudo privileges:

history [option]

To rerun a specific utility, enter an exclamation mark (!) followed by the command’s list number. For example, use the following to rerun the 255th command:

!255

This command supports many options, such as:

• -c – clears the history list.
• -d offset – deletes the history entry at the OFFSET position.
• -a – appends history lines.

55. man command

The man command provides a user manual of any Linux Terminal utilities, including their names, descriptions, and options. It consists of nine sections:

• Executable programs or shell commands
• System calls
• Library calls
• Games
• Special files
• File formats and conventions
• System administration commands
• Kernel routines
• Miscellaneous

Here’s the command syntax:

man [option] [section_number] command_name

If you only use the command name as the parameter, Terminal displays the full user manual. Here’s an example command to query section 1 of the ls command manual:

man 1 ls

56. echo command

The echo command displays a line of text as a standard output. Here’s the basic command syntax:

echo [option] [string]

For example, you can display Hostinger Tutorials by entering:

echo "Hostinger Tutorials"

This command supports many options, such as:

• -n – displays the output without the trailing newline.
• -e – enables the interpretation of the following backslash escapes:
• \b – removes spaces in between a text.
• \c – produces no further output.

57. ln command

The ln command lets you create links between files or directories to simplify system management. Here’s the syntax:

ln [option] [source] [destination]

The command will create the target file or directory and link it to the source. By default, it creates a hard link, meaning the new item connects to the same data block as the source.

58. alias, unalias commands

The alias command instructs the shell to replace a string with another, allowing you to create a shortcut for a program, file name, or text. Here’s the syntax:

alias name=string

For example, enter the following to make k the alias for the kill command:

alias k='kill'

This command doesn’t give any output. To check the alias associated with a command, run the following:

alias command_name

To delete an existing alias, use the unalias command with the following syntax:

unalias [alias_name]

59. cal command

The cal command outputs a calendar in the Linux Terminal. It will show the current date if you don’t specify the month and year. Here’s the syntax:

cal [option] [month] [year]

The month is in the numerical representation from 1–12. To modify the command output, add the following options:

• -1 – outputs the calendar in a single line.
• -3 – shows the previous, current, and next month.
• -A and -B – displays the specified number of months after and before the current one.
• -m – starts the calendar with Monday instead of Sunday.

60. apt-get command

apt-get is a command line tool for handling Advanced Package Tool (APT) libraries in Debian-based Linux, like Ubuntu. It requires sudo or root privileges.

This Linux command lets you manage, update, remove, and install software, including its dependencies. Here’s the main syntax:

apt-get [options] (command)

These are the most common commands to use with apt-get:

• update – synchronizes the package files from their sources.
• upgrade – installs the latest version of all installed packages.
• check – updates the package cache and checks broken dependencies.

Linux Commands Tips and Tricks

Here are some tips for using Linux commands and Terminal to improve your system management efficiency:

• Add the –help option to list the full usage of a command.
• Use the exit command to close Terminal.
• Enter the clear command to clean the Terminal screen.
• Press the Tab button to autofill after entering a command with an argument.
• Use Ctrl + C to terminate a running command.
• Press Ctrl + Z to pause a working command.
• Use Ctrl + A to move to the beginning of the line.
• Press Ctrl + E to bring you to the end of the line.
• Separate multiple commands using semicolons (;) or double ampersands (&&).